Functions

1. Current Limiting: Resistors limit the amount of current flowing through a circuit, protecting components from damage due to excessive current.
2. Voltage Division: In a voltage divider circuit, resistors are used to produce a desired fraction of the input voltage at a specific point in the circuit.
3. Signal Conditioning: Resistors can be used to adjust signal levels, filter signals, and shape waveforms in analog circuits.

4-Band Resistors:

1. First Band: First significant digit.
2. Second Band: Second significant digit.
3. Third Band: Multiplier.
4. Fourth Band: Tolerance.

Example:

• Colors: Red, Violet, Yellow, Gold
• Digits: 2 (Red), 7 (Violet)
• Multiplier: 10^4 (Yellow)
• Tolerance: ±5% (Gold)
• Resistance: 27×10^4 = 270,000 Ω or 270 kΩ with ±5% tolerance.